• 深入解析.NET Core MVC框架的设计和实现原理
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对于ASP.NET Core MVC框架的设计和实现,说难也难,毕竟一个Model Binding就够很多人啃很久,其实说简单也简单,因为整个流程是很清晰的。ASP.NET Core MVC支持基于Controller和Page的两种编程模式,虽然编程方式看起来不太一样,底层针对请求的处理流程其实是一致的。接下来,我同样使用简单的代码构建一个Mini版的MVC框架,让大家了解一下ASP.NET Core MVC背后的总体设计,以及针对请求的处理流程。

一、描述Action方法
MVC应用提供的功能体现在一个个Action方法上,所以MVC框架定义了专门的类型ActionDescriptor来描述每个有效的Action方法。但是Action方法和ActionDescriptor对象并非一对一的关系,而是一对多的关系。具体来说,采用“约定路由”的Action方法对应一个ActionDescriptor对象,如果采用“特性路由”,MVC框架会针对每个注册的路由创建一个ActionDescriptor。Action方法与ActionDescriptor之间的映射关系可以通过如下这个演示实例来验证。如代码片段所示,我们调用MapControllerRoute扩展方法注册了4个“约定路由”。HomeController类中定义了两个合法的Action方法,其中方法Foo采用“约定路由”,而方法Bar通过标注的两个HttpGetAttribute特性注册了两个“特性路由”。按照上述的规则,将有三个ActionDescriptor被创建出来,方法Foo有一个,而方法Bar有两个。
var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
builder.Services.AddControllers();
var app = builder.Build();
app.MapControllers();
app.MapControllerRoute("v1", "v1/{controller}/{action}");
app.MapControllerRoute("v2", "v2/{controller}/{action}");
app.MapControllerRoute("v3", "v2/{controllerx}/{action}");
app.MapControllerRoute("v3", "v4/{controller}/{actionx}");

app.MapGet("/actions", (IActionDescriptorCollectionProvider provider) => {
    var actions = provider.ActionDescriptors.Items;
    var builder = new StringBuilder();
    foreach (var action in actions
        .OfType<ControllerActionDescriptor>())
    {
        builder.AppendLine(
            $"{action.ControllerTypeInfo.Name}
            .{action.MethodInfo.Name}({action.AttributeRouteInfo?.Template 
            ?? "N/A"})");
    }
    return builder.ToString();
});

app.Run("http://localhost:5000");
public class HomeController
{
    public string Foo() 
        => $"{nameof(HomeController)}.{nameof(Foo)}";

    [HttpGet("home/bar1")]
    [HttpGet("home/bar2")]
    public string Bar() 
        => $"{nameof(HomeController)}.{nameof(Bar)}";
}
我们注册了一个指向路径“/actions”的路由终结点将所有ActionDescriptor列出来。如代码片段所示,路由处理委托(Lambda表达式)注入了IActionDescriptorCollectionProvider 对象,我们利用它的ActionDescriptors属性得到当前应用承载的所有ActionDescriptor对象。我们将其转化成ControllerActionDescriptor(派生于ActionDescriptor,用于描述定义在Controller类型中的Action方法,另一个派生类PageActionDescriptor用于描述定义在Page类型的Action方法),并将对应的Controller类型和方法名称,以及特性路由模板输出来。如下所示的输出结果验证了上述针对Action方法与ActionDescriptor映射关系的论述。

在模拟框架中,我们ActionDescriptor类型作最大的简化。如代码片段所示,创建一个ActionDescriptor对象时只需提供描述目标Action方法的MethodInfo对象(必需),和一个用来定义特性路由的IRouteTemplateProvider对象(可选,仅针对特性路由)。我们利用MethodInfo的声明类型得到Controller的类型,将剔除“Controller”后缀的类型名称作为ControllerName属性(表示Controller的名称),作为Action名称的ActionName属性则直接返回方法名称。Parameters属性返回一个ParameterDescriptor数组,而根据ParameterInfo对象构建的ParameterDescriptor是对参数的描述。
public class ActionDescriptor
{
    public MethodInfo MethodInfo { get; }
    public IRouteTemplateProvider? RouteTemplateProvider { get; }
    public string ControllerName { get; }
    public string ActionName { get; }
    public ParameterDescriptor[] Parameters { get; }
    public ActionDescriptor(
        MethodInfo methodInfo, 
        IRouteTemplateProvider? routeTemplateProvider)
    {
        MethodInfo = methodInfo;
        RouteTemplateProvider = routeTemplateProvider;
        ControllerName = MethodInfo.DeclaringType!.Name;
        ControllerName = ControllerName[..^"Controller".Length];
        ActionName = MethodInfo.Name;
        Parameters = methodInfo.GetParameters()
            .Select(it => new ParameterDescriptor(it)).ToArray();
    }
}

public class ParameterDescriptor(ParameterInfo parameterInfo)
{
    public ParameterInfo ParameterInfo 
        => parameterInfo;
}
当前应用涉及的所有ActionActionDescriptor由IActionDescriptorCollectionProvider对象的ActionDescriptors属性来提供。实现类型ActionDescriptorCollectionProvider 从当前启动程序集中提取有效的Controller类型,并将定义其中的有效Action方法转换成ActionDescriptor对象。用于定义“特性路由”的IRouteTemplateProvider对象来源于标注到方法上的特性(简单起见,我们忽略了标注到Controller类型上的特性),比如HttpGetAttribute特性等,同一个Action方法针对注册的特性路由来创建ActionDescriptor就体现在这里。
public interface IActionDescriptorCollectionProvider
{
    IReadOnlyList<ActionDescriptor> ActionDescriptors { get; }
}

public class ActionDescriptorCollectionProvider 
    : IActionDescriptorCollectionProvider
{
    private readonly Assembly _assembly;
    private List<ActionDescriptor>? _actionDescriptors;
    public IReadOnlyList<ActionDescriptor> ActionDescriptors 
        => _actionDescriptors 
        ??= Resolve(_assembly.GetExportedTypes()).ToList();

    public ActionDescriptorCollectionProvider(
        IWebHostEnvironment environment)
    {
        var assemblyName = new AssemblyName(environment.ApplicationName);
        _assembly = Assembly.Load(assemblyName);
    }

    private IEnumerable<ActionDescriptor> Resolve(IEnumerable<Type> types)
    {
        var methods = types
            .Where(IsValidController)
            .SelectMany(type => type.GetMethods()
            .Where(method => method.DeclaringType == type 
                && IsValidAction(method)));

        foreach (var method in methods)
        {
            var providers = method.GetCustomAttributes()
                .OfType<IRouteTemplateProvider>();
            if (providers.Any())
            {
                foreach (var provider in providers)
                {
                    yield return new ActionDescriptor(method, provider);
                }
            }
            else
            {
                yield return new ActionDescriptor(method, null);
            }
        }
    }

    private static bool IsValidController(Type candidate) 
        => candidate.IsPublic 
        && !candidate.IsAbstract 
        && candidate.Name.EndsWith("Controller");
    private static bool IsValidAction(MethodInfo methodInfo) 
        => methodInfo.IsPublic | !methodInfo.IsAbstract;
}

二、注册路由终结点
MVC利用“路由”对外提供服务,它会将每个ActionDescriptor转换成“零到多个”路由终结点。ActionDescriptor与终结点之间的对应关系为什么是“零到多”,而不是“一对一”或者“一对多”呢?这也与Action方法采用的路由默认有关,采用特性路由的ActionDescriptor(RouteTemplateProvider 属性不等于Null)总是对应着一个确定的路由,但是如何为采用“约定路由”的ActionDescriptor创建对应的终结点,则取决于多少个约定路由与之匹配。针对每一个基于“约定”路由的ActionDescriptor,系统会为每个与之匹配的路由创建对应的终结点。如果没有匹配的约定路由,对应的Action方法自然就不会有对应的终结点。

我还是利用上面演示实例来说明ActionDescriptor与路由终结点之间的映射关系。为此我们注册如下这个指向路径“/endpoints”的路由终结点,我们通过注入的EndpointDataSource 对象得到终结点列表。由于针对某个Action方法创建的路由终结点都会将ActionDescriptor对象作为元数据,所以我们试着将它(具体类型为ControllerActionDescriptor)提取出来,并输出Controller类型和Action方法的名称,以及路由模板。
...
app.MapGet("/endpoints", (EndpointDataSource source) =>
{
    var builder = new StringBuilder();
    foreach (var endpoint in source.Endpoints
       .OfType<RouteEndpoint>())
    {
        var action = endpoint.Metadata
           .GetMetadata<ControllerActionDescriptor>();
        if (action is not null)
        {
            builder.AppendLine(
            $"{action.ControllerTypeInfo.Name}
            .{action.MethodInfo.Name}
            ({endpoint.RoutePattern.RawText})");
        }
    }
    return builder.ToString();
});
...
从如下所示的输出结果可以看出,由于Action方法Bar采用“特性路由”,所以对应的ActionDescriptor分别对应着一个终结点。采用约定路由的Foo方法虽然只有一个ActionDescriptor,但是注册的4个约定路由有两个与它匹配(两个必要的路由参数“controller”和“action”需要定义在路由模板中),所以它也具有两个终结点。

接下来我们在模拟框架中以最简单的方式完成“路由注册”。我们知道每个路由终结点由“路由模式”和“路由处理器”这两个核心元素构成,前者对应一个RoutePattern对象,由注册的路由信息构建而成,后者体现为一个用来处理请求的RequestDelegate委托。一个MVC应用绝大部分的请求处理工作都落在IActionInvoker对象上,所以作为路由处理器的RequestDelegate委托只需要将请求处理任务“移交”给这个对象就可以了。如代码片段所示,IActionInvoker接口定义了一个无参、返回类型为Task的InvokeAsync方法。IActionInvoker不是一个单例对象,而是针对每个请求单独创建的,创建它的工厂由IActionInvokerFactory接口表示。如代码片段所示,定义在该接口的工厂方法CreateInvoker利用指定的ActionContext上下文来创建返回的IActionInvoker对象。ActionContext可以视为MVC应用的请求上下文,我们的模拟框架同样对它做了最大的简化,将它定义对HttpContext上下文和ActionDescriptor对象的封装。
public interface IActionInvoker
{
    Task InvokeAsync();
}

public interface IActionInvokerFactory
{
    IActionInvoker CreateInvoker(
        ActionContext actionContext);
}

public class ActionContext(
    HttpContext httpContext, 
    ActionDescriptor actionDescriptor)
{
    public HttpContext HttpContext 
        => httpContext;
    public ActionDescriptor ActionDescriptor 
        => actionDescriptor;
}
我们将路由(终结点)注册实现在一个派生自EndpointDataSource的ActionEndpointDataSource类型中 。对于注册的每个终结点,作为处理器的RequestDelegate委托指向HandleAsync方法,可以看出这个方法的定义非常简单:它从当前终结点中以元数据的形式将ActionDescriptor对象,然后利用它与当前HttpContext将ActionContext上下文创建出来。我们将此ActionContext上下文传递给IActionInvokerFactory工厂将IActionInvoker对象创建出来,并利用它完成后续的请求处理。
public class ActionEndpointDataSource 
    : EndpointDataSource
{   

    ...
    private static Task HandleRequestAsync(
        HttpContext httpContext)
    {
        var endpoint = httpContext.GetEndpoint() 
            ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("No endpoint is matched to the current request.");
        var actionDescriptor = endpoint.Metadata
            .GetMetadata<ActionDescriptor>() 
            ?? throw new InvalidOperationException(
            "No ActionDescriptor is attached to the endpoint as metadata.");
        var actionContext = new ActionContext(
            httpContext, actionDescriptor);
        return httpContext.RequestServices
            .GetRequiredService<IActionInvokerFactory>()
            .CreateInvoker(actionContext).InvokeAsync();
    }
}
ActionEndpointDataSource 定义了一个AddRoute方法来定义约定路由,注册的约定路由被存储在字段_conventionalRoutes所示的列表中。该方法返回一个EndpointConventionBuilder 对象,后者实现了IEndpointConventionBuilder 接口,我们可以利用它对添加的约定约定路由作进一步设置(比如添加元数据)。
public class ActionEndpointDataSource 
    : EndpointDataSource
{

    private readonly List<(
        string RouteName, 
        string Template, 
        RouteValueDictionary? Defaults, 
        IDictionary<string, object?>? Constraints, 
        RouteValueDictionary? DataTokens, 
        List<Action<EndpointBuilder>> Conventions, 
        List<Action<EndpointBuilder>> FinallyConventions)> 
        _conventionalRoutes = new();

    public IEndpointConventionBuilder AddRoute(
        string routeName, 
        string pattern, 
        RouteValueDictionary? defaults, 
        IDictionary<string, object?>? constraints, 
        RouteValueDictionary? dataTokens)
    {
        var conventions = new List<Action<EndpointBuilder>>();
        var finallyConventions = new List<Action<EndpointBuilder>>();
        _conventionalRoutes.Add(
            (routeName, pattern, defaults, constraints, 
            dataTokens, conventions, finallyConventions));
        return new EndpointConventionBuilder(
            conventions, finallyConventions);
    }


    private sealed class EndpointConventionBuilder 
        : IEndpointConventionBuilder
    {
        private readonly List<Action<EndpointBuilder>> _conventions;
        private readonly List<Action<EndpointBuilder>> _finallyConventions;

        public EndpointConventionBuilder(
            List<Action<EndpointBuilder>> conventions, 
            List<Action<EndpointBuilder>> finallyConventions)
        {
            _conventions = conventions;
            _finallyConventions = finallyConventions;
        }

        public void Add(Action<EndpointBuilder> convention) 
            => _conventions.Add(convention);
        public void Finally(Action<EndpointBuilder> finallyConvention) 
           => _finallyConventions.Add(finallyConvention);
    }
}
ActionEndpointDataSource 针对终结点的创建并不复杂:在利用IActionDescriptorCollectionProvider 对象得到所有的ActionDescriptor对象后,它将每个ActionDescriptor对象交付给CreateEndpoints来创建相应的终结点。针对约定路由的终结点列表由CreateConventionalEndpoints方法进行创建,一个ActionDescriptor对象对应”零到多个“终结点的映射规则就体现在这里。针对特性路由的ActionDescriptor对象则在CreateAttributeEndpoint方法中转换成一个单一的终结点。EndpointDataSource还通过GetChangeToken方法返回的IChangeToken 对象感知终结点的实时变化,真正的MVC框架正好利用了这一点实现了”动态模块加载“的功能。我们的模拟框架直接返回一个单例的NullChangeToken对象。
public class ActionEndpointDataSource : EndpointDataSource
{
    private readonly IServiceProvider _serviceProvider;
    private readonly IActionDescriptorCollectionProvider _actions;
    private readonly RoutePatternTransformer _transformer;
    private readonly List<Action<EndpointBuilder>> _conventions = new();
    private readonly List<Action<EndpointBuilder>> _finallyConventions = new();
    private int _routeOrder;


    private List<Endpoint>? _endpoints;
    private readonly List<(
        string RouteName, 
        string Template, 
        RouteValueDictionary? Defaults, 
        IDictionary<string, object?>? Constraints, 
        RouteValueDictionary? DataTokens, 
        List<Action<EndpointBuilder>> Conventions, 
        List<Action<EndpointBuilder>> FinallyConventions)> 
        _conventionalRoutes = new();

    public ActionEndpointDataSource(IServiceProvider serviceProvider)
    {
        _serviceProvider = serviceProvider;
        _actions = serviceProvider
            .GetRequiredService<IActionDescriptorCollectionProvider>();
        _transformer = serviceProvider
            .GetRequiredService<RoutePatternTransformer>();
        DefaultBuilder = new EndpointConventionBuilder(
            _conventions, _finallyConventions);
    }

    public override IReadOnlyList<Endpoint> Endpoints 
        => _endpoints ??= _actions.ActionDescriptors
        .SelectMany(CreateEndpoints).ToList();
    public override IChangeToken GetChangeToken() 
        => NullChangeToken.Singleton;
    public IEndpointConventionBuilder AddRoute(
        string routeName, 
        string pattern, 
        RouteValueDictionary? defaults, 
        IDictionary<string, object?>? constraints, 
        RouteValueDictionary? dataTokens)
    {
        var conventions = new List<Action<EndpointBuilder>>();
        var finallyConventions = new List<Action<EndpointBuilder>>();
        _conventionalRoutes.Add(
            (routeName, pattern, defaults, constraints, 
        dataTokens, conventions, finallyConventions));
    }

    private IEnumerable<Endpoint> CreateEndpoints(
        ActionDescriptor actionDescriptor)
    {
        var routeValues = new RouteValueDictionary
        {
            {"controller", actionDescriptor.ControllerName },
            { "action", actionDescriptor.ActionName }
        };
        var attributes = actionDescriptor.MethodInfo.GetCustomAttributes(true)
            .Union(actionDescriptor.MethodInfo.DeclaringType!.GetCustomAttributes(true));
        var routeTemplateProvider = actionDescriptor.RouteTemplateProvider;
        if (routeTemplateProvider is null)
        {
            foreach (var endpoint in 
                CreateConventionalEndpoints(actionDescriptor, routeValues, attributes))
            {
                yield return endpoint;
            }
        }
        else
        {
           yield return  CreateAttributeEndpoint(
            actionDescriptor, routeValues, attributes));
        }
    }


    private IEnumerable<Endpoint> CreateConventionalEndpoints(
        ActionDescriptor actionDescriptor, 
        RouteValueDictionary routeValues, 
        IEnumerable<object> attributes )
    {
        foreach (var 
            (routeName, template, defaults, constraints, dataTokens, 
            conventionals, finallyConventionals) in _conventionalRoutes)
        {
            var pattern = RoutePatternFactory
                .Parse(template, defaults, constraints);
            pattern = _transformer.SubstituteRequiredValues(pattern, routeValues);
            if (pattern is not null)
            {
                var builder = new RouteEndpointBuilder(
                    requestDelegate: HandleRequestAsync, 
                    routePattern: pattern, _routeOrder++)
                {
                    ApplicationServices = _serviceProvider
                };
                builder.Metadata.Add(actionDescriptor);
                foreach (var attribute in attributes)
                {
                    builder.Metadata.Add(attribute);
                }
                yield return builder.Build();
            }
        }
    }


    private Endpoint CreateAttributeEndpoint(
        ActionDescriptor actionDescriptor, 
        RouteValueDictionary routeValues, 
        IEnumerable<object> attributes)
    {
        var routeTemplateProvider = actionDescriptor
            .RouteTemplateProvider!;
        var pattern = RoutePatternFactory
            .Parse(routeTemplateProvider.Template!);
        var builder = new RouteEndpointBuilder(
            requestDelegate: HandleRequestAsync, 
            routePattern: pattern, _routeOrder++)
        {
            ApplicationServices = _serviceProvider
        };
        builder.Metadata.Add(actionDescriptor);
        foreach (var attribute in attributes)
        {
            builder.Metadata.Add(attribute);
        }
        if (routeTemplateProvider is 
            IActionHttpMethodProvider httpMethodProvider)
        {
            builder.Metadata.Add(
                new HttpMethodActionConstraint(httpMethodProvider.HttpMethods));
        }
        return builder.Build();
    }
}
三、绑定Action方法参数
现在我们完成了路由(终结点)注册,此时匹配的请求总是会被路由到对应的终结点,后者将利用IActionInvokerFactory工厂创建的IActionInvoker对象来处理请求。IActionInvoker最终需要调用对应的Action方法,但是要完成针对目标方法的调用,得先绑定其所有参数,MVC框架为此构建了一套名为“模型绑定(Model Binding)”的系统来完成参数绑定的任务,毫无疑问这是MVC框架最为复杂的部分。在我么简化的模拟框架中,我们将针对单个参数的绑定交给IArgumentBinder对象来完成。

如代码片段所示,定义在IArgumentBinder中的BindAsync方法具有两个参数,一个是当前ActionContext上下文,另一个是描述目标参数的ParameterDescriptor 对象。该方法返回类型为ValueTask<object?>,泛型参数代表的object就是执行Action方法得到的返回值(对于返回类型为void的方法,这个值总是Null)。默认实现的ArgumentBinder类型完成了最基本的参数绑定功能,它可以帮助我们完成源自依赖服务、请求查询字符串、路由参数、主体内容(默认采用JSON反序列化)和默认值的参数绑定。
public interface IArgumentBinder
{
    public ValueTask<object?> BindAsync(
         ActionContext actionContext, 
         ParameterDescriptor parameterDescriptor);
}

public class ArgumentBinder : IArgumentBinder
{
    private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<Type, object?> _defaults = new();
    private readonly MethodInfo _method = 
         typeof(ArgumentBinder).GetMethod(nameof(GetDefaultValue))!;
    public ValueTask<object?> BindAsync(
         ActionContext actionContext, 
         ParameterDescriptor parameterDescriptor)
    {
        var requestServices = actionContext.HttpContext.RequestServices;
        var parameterInfo = parameterDescriptor.ParameterInfo;
        var parameterName = parameterInfo.Name!;
        var parameterType = parameterInfo.ParameterType;

        // From registered service
        var result = requestServices.GetService(parameterType);
        if (result is not null)
        {
            return ValueTask.FromResult(result)!;
        }

        // From query, route, body
        var request = actionContext.HttpContext.Request;
        if (request.Query.TryGetValue(parameterName, out var value1))
        {
            return ValueTask.FromResult(
                 Convert.ChangeType((string)value1!, parameterType))!;
        }
        if (request.RouteValues.TryGetValue(parameterName, out var value2))
        {
            return ValueTask.FromResult(
                 Convert.ChangeType(value2, parameterType)!)!;
        }
        if (request.ContentLength > 0)
        {
            return JsonSerializer.DeserializeAsync(request.Body, parameterType);
        }

        // From default value
        var defaultValue = _defaults
         .GetOrAdd(parameterType, 
         type=> _method.MakeGenericMethod(parameterType)
         .Invoke(null,null));
        return ValueTask.FromResult(defaultValue);
    }
    public static T GetDefaultValue<T>() => default!;
}

四、执行Action方法
在模拟框架中,针对目标Action方法的执行体现在如下所示的IActionMethodExecutor接口的Execute方法上,该方法的三个参数分别代表Controller对象、描述目标Action方法的ActionDescriptor和通过“参数绑定”得到的参数列表。Execute方法的返回值就是执行目标Action方法的返回值。如下所示的实现类型ActionMethodExecutor 利用“表达式树”的方式将Action方法对应的MethodInfo转换成对应的Func<object, object?[], object?>委托,并利用后者执行Action方法。
public interface IActionMethodExecutor
{
    object? Execute(
        object controller, 
        ActionDescriptor actionDescriptor, 
        object?[] arguments);
}

public class ActionMethodExecutor : IActionMethodExecutor
{
    private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<MethodInfo, Func<object, object?[], object?>> 
        _executors = new();
    public object? Execute(
        object controller, 
        ActionDescriptor actionDescriptor, 
        object?[] arguments)
        => _executors.GetOrAdd(actionDescriptor.MethodInfo, CreateExecutor)
        .Invoke(controller, arguments);

    private Func<object, object?[], object?> CreateExecutor(MethodInfo methodInfo)
    {
        var controller = Expression.Parameter(typeof(object));
        var arguments = Expression.Parameter(typeof(object?[]));

        var parameters = methodInfo.GetParameters();
        var convertedArguments = new Expression[parameters.Length];
        for (int index = 0; index < parameters.Length; index++)
        {
            convertedArguments[index] = Expression
                .Convert(Expression.ArrayIndex(arguments, 
                Expression.Constant(index)), 
                parameters[index].ParameterType);
        }

        var convertedController = Expression
            .Convert(controller, methodInfo.DeclaringType!);
        var call = Expression.Call(convertedController, 
            methodInfo, convertedArguments);
        return Expression.Lambda<Func<object, object?[], object?>>(
            call, controller, arguments).Compile();
    }
}
五、响应执行结果
当我们利用IActionMethodExecutor对象成功执行Action方法后,需要进一步处理其返回值。为了统一处理执行Action方法的结果,于是有了如下这个IActionResult接口,具体的处理逻辑实现在ExecuteResultAsync方法中,方法的唯一参数依然是当前ActionContext上下文。我们定义了如下这个JsonResult实现基于JSON的响应。
public interface IActionResult
{
    Task ExecuteResultAsync(ActionContext  actionContext);
}

public class JsonResult(object data) : IActionResult
{
    public Task ExecuteResultAsync(ActionContext actionContext)
    {
        var response = actionContext.HttpContext.Response;
        response.ContentType = "application/json";
        return JsonSerializer.SerializeAsync(response.Body, data);
    }
}
当IActionMethodExecutor成功执行目标方法后,我们会得到作为返回值的Object对象(可能是Null),如果我们能够进一步将它转换成一个IActionResult对象,一切就迎刃而解了,为此我专门定义了如下这个IActionResultConverter接口。如代码片段所示,IActionResultConverter接口的唯一方法ConvertAsync方法会将作为Action方法返回值的Object对象转化成ValueTask<IActionResult>对象。
public interface IActionResultConverter
{
    ValueTask<IActionResult> ConvertAsync(object? result);
}

public class ActionResultConverter 
    : IActionResultConverter
{
    private readonly MethodInfo _valueTaskConvertMethod 
        = typeof(ActionResultConverter)
        .GetMethod(nameof(ConvertFromValueTask))!;
    private readonly MethodInfo _taskConvertMethod 
        = typeof(ActionResultConverter)
        .GetMethod(nameof(ConvertFromTask))!;
    private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<Type, Func<object, ValueTask<IActionResult>>> 
        _converters = new();

    public ValueTask<IActionResult> ConvertAsync(object? result)
    {
        // Null
        if (result is null)
        {
            return ValueTask
               .FromResult<IActionResult>(VoidActionResult.Instance);
        }

        // Task<IActionResult>
        if (result is Task<IActionResult> taskOfActionResult)
        {
            return new ValueTask<IActionResult>(taskOfActionResult);
        }

        // ValueTask<IActionResult>
        if (result is ValueTask<IActionResult> valueTaskOfActionResult)
        {
            return valueTaskOfActionResult;
        }

        // IActionResult
        if (result is IActionResult actionResult)
        {
            return ValueTask.FromResult(actionResult);
        }

        // ValueTask
        if (result is ValueTask valueTask)
        {
            return Convert(valueTask);
        }

        // Task
        var type = result.GetType();
        if (type == typeof(Task))
        {
            return Convert((Task)result);
        }

        // ValueTask<T>
        if (type.IsGenericType 
            && type.GetGenericTypeDefinition() == typeof(ValueTask<>))
        {
            return _converters.GetOrAdd(type, 
               t => CreateValueTaskConverter(t, _valueTaskConvertMethod))
               .Invoke(result);
        }

        // Task<T>
        if (type.IsGenericType 
            && type.GetGenericTypeDefinition() == typeof(Task<>))
        {
            return _converters.GetOrAdd(type, 
                t => CreateValueTaskConverter(t, _taskConvertMethod))
                .Invoke(result);
        }

        // Object
        return ValueTask.FromResult<IActionResult>(
            new ObjectActionResult(result));
    }

    public static async ValueTask<IActionResult> ConvertFromValueTask<T>(
        ValueTask<T> valueTask)
    {
        var result = valueTask.IsCompleted 
            ? valueTask.Result 
            : await valueTask;
        return result is IActionResult actionResult 
           ? actionResult 
           : new ObjectActionResult(result!);
    }

    public static async ValueTask<IActionResult> ConvertFromTask<T>(
        Task<T> task)
    {
        var result = await task;
        return result is IActionResult actionResult 
           ? actionResult 
           : new ObjectActionResult(result!);
    }

    private static async ValueTask<IActionResult> Convert(
        ValueTask valueTask)
    {
        if (!valueTask.IsCompleted) await valueTask;
        return VoidActionResult.Instance;
    }

    private static async ValueTask<IActionResult> Convert(Task task)
    {
        await task;
        return VoidActionResult.Instance;
    }

    private static Func<object, ValueTask<IActionResult>> CreateValueTaskConverter(
        Type valueTaskType, MethodInfo convertMethod)
    {
        var parameter = Expression.Parameter(typeof(object));
        var convert = Expression.Convert(parameter, valueTaskType);
        var method = convertMethod.MakeGenericMethod(
           valueTaskType.GetGenericArguments()[0]);
        var call = Expression.Call(method, convert);
        return Expression
           .Lambda<Func<object, ValueTask<IActionResult>>>(call, parameter)
           .Compile();
    }

    private sealed class VoidActionResult : IActionResult
    {
        public static readonly VoidActionResult Instance = new();
        public Task ExecuteResultAsync(ActionContext actionContext) 
          => Task.CompletedTask;
    }

    private sealed class ObjectActionResult(object result) 
        : IActionResult
    {
        public Task ExecuteResultAsync(ActionContext actionContext)
        {
            var response = actionContext.HttpContext.Response;
            response.ContentType = "text/plain";
            return response.WriteAsync(result.ToString()!);
        }
    }
}
作为默认实现的ActionResultConverter 在进行转换的时候,会根据返回值的类型做针对性转换,具体的转换规则如下:
Null:根据单例的VoidActionResult对象创建一个ValueTask<IActionResult>,VoidActionResult实现的ExecuteResultAsync方法什么都不要做;
Task<IActionResult>:直接将其转换成ValueTask<IActionResult>;
ValueTask<IActionResult>:直接返回;
实现了IActionResult接口:根据该对象创建ValueTask<IActionResult>;
ValueTask:调用Convert方法进行转换;
Task:调用另一个Convert方法进行转换;
ValueTask<T>:调用ConvertFromValueTask<T>方法进行转换;
Task<T>:调用ConvertFromTask<T>方法进行转换;

其他:根据返回创建一个ObjectActionResult对象(它会将ToString方法返回的字符串作为响应内容),并创建一个ValueTask<IActionResult>对象。

六、编排整个处理流程
到目前为止,我们不经能够执行Action方法,还能将方法的返回值转换成ValueTask<IActionResult>对象,定义一个完成整个请求处理的IActionInvoker实现类型就很容易了。如代码片段所示,如下这个实现了IActionInvoker接口的ActionInvoker对象是根据当前ActionContext创建的,在实现的InvokeAsync方法中,它利用ActionContext上下文提供的ActionDescriptor解析出Controller类型,并利用针对当前请求的依赖注入容器(IServiceProvider)将Controller对象创建出来。
public class ActionInvoker(ActionContext actionContext) 
    : IActionInvoker
{
    public ActionContext ActionContext { get; } = actionContext;
    public async Task InvokeAsync()
    {

        var requestServices = ActionContext.HttpContext.RequestServices;

        // Create controller instance
        var controller = ActivatorUtilities
            .CreateInstance(requestServices, 
            ActionContext.ActionDescriptor.MethodInfo.DeclaringType!);
        try
        {
            // Bind arguments
            var parameters = ActionContext.ActionDescriptor.Parameters;
            var arguments = new object?[parameters.Length];
            var binder = requestServices.GetRequiredService<IArgumentBinder>();
            for (int index = 0; index < parameters.Length; index++)
            {
                var valueTask = binder.BindAsync(ActionContext, parameters[index]);
                if (valueTask.IsCompleted)
                {
                    arguments[index] = valueTask.Result;
                }
                else
                {
                    arguments[index] = await valueTask;
                }
            }

            // Execute action method
            var executor = requestServices
               .GetRequiredService<IActionMethodExecutor>();

            var result = executor.Execute(
                controller, ActionContext.ActionDescriptor, arguments);

            // Convert result to IActionResult
            var converter = requestServices
               .GetRequiredService<IActionResultConverter>();
            var convert = converter.ConvertAsync(result);
            var actionResult = convert.IsCompleted 
                ? convert.Result 
                : await convert;

            // Execute result
            await actionResult.ExecuteResultAsync(ActionContext);
        }
        finally
        {
            (controller as IDisposable)?.Dispose();
        }
    }
}

public class ActionInvokerFactory 
    : IActionInvokerFactory
{
    public IActionInvoker CreateInvoker(ActionContext actionContext) 
        => new ActionInvoker(actionContext);
}
接下来,它同样利用ActionDescriptor得到描述每个参数的ParameterDescriptor对象,并利用IParameterBinder完成参数绑定,最终得到一个传入Action方法的参数列表。接下来ActionInvoker利用IActionMethodExecutor对象成功执行Action方法,并利用IActionResultConverter对象将返回结果转换成IActionResult对象,最终通过执行这个对象完成针对请求的响应工作。如果Controller类型实现了IDisposable接口,在完成了整个处理流程后,我们还会调用其Dispose方法确保资源得到释放。

七、跑起来看看
当目前为止,模拟的MVC框架的核心组件均已构建完成,现在我们补充两个扩展方法。如代码片段所示,针对IServiceCollection接口的扩展方法AddControllers2(为了区别于现有的AddControllers,后面的MapControllerRoute2方法命名也是如此)将上述的接口和实现类型注册为依赖服务;针对IEndpointRouteBuilder 接口的扩展方法MapControllerRoute2完成了针对ActionEndpointDataSource的中,并在此基础上注册一个默认的约定路由。()
public static class Extensions
{
    public static IServiceCollection AddControllers2(this IServiceCollection services)
    {
        services.TryAddSingleton<IActionInvokerFactory, ActionInvokerFactory>();
        services.TryAddSingleton<IActionMethodExecutor, ActionMethodExecutor>();
        services.TryAddSingleton<IActionResultConverter, ActionResultConverter>();
        services.TryAddSingleton<IArgumentBinder, ArgumentBinder>();
        services.TryAddSingleton<IActionDescriptorCollectionProvider, ActionDescriptorCollectionProvider>();
        return services;
    }

    public static IEndpointConventionBuilder MapControllerRoute2(
        this IEndpointRouteBuilder endpoints,
        string name,
        [StringSyntax("Route")] string pattern,
        object? defaults = null,
        object? constraints = null,
        object? dataTokens = null)
    {
        var source = new ActionEndpointDataSource(endpoints.ServiceProvider);
        endpoints.DataSources.Add(source);
        return source.AddRoute(
            name,
            pattern,
            new RouteValueDictionary(defaults),
            new RouteValueDictionary(constraints),
            new RouteValueDictionary(dataTokens));
    }
}
现在我们在此基础上构建如下这个简单的MVC应用。如代码片段所示,我们调用了AddControllers扩展方法完成了核心服务的注册;调用了MapControllerRoute2扩展方法并注册了一个路径模板为“{controller}/{action}/{id?}”的约定路由。定义的HomeController类型中定义了三个Action方法。采用约定路由的Action方法Foo具有三个输入参数x、y和z,返回根据它们构建的Result对象;Action方法Bar具有相同的参数,但返回一个ValueTask<Result>对象,我们通过标注的HttpGetAttribute特性注册了一个路径模板为“bar/{x}/{y}/{z}”的特性路由;Action方法Baz的输入参数类型为Result,返回一个ValueTask<IActionResult>对象(具体返回的是一个JsonResult对象)。标注的HttpPostAttribute特性将路由模板设置为“/baz”。
var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
builder.Services.AddControllers2();
var app = builder.Build();
app.MapControllerRoute2(
     name: "default", 
     pattern: "{controller}/{action}/{id?}");
app.Run();
public class HomeController
{
    public Result Foo(string x, int y, double z) 
         => new Result(x, y, z);
    // 堆代码 duidaima.com
    [Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.HttpGet("bar/{x}/{y}/{z}")]
    public ValueTask<Result> Bar(string x, int y, double z) 
         => ValueTask.FromResult(new Result(x, y, z));

    [Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.HttpPost("/baz")]
    public ValueTask<IActionResult> Baz(Result input) 
         => ValueTask.FromResult<IActionResult>(new JsonResult(input));
}

public record Result(string X, int Y, double Z);
应用启动后,我们通过路径“/home/foo?x=123&y=456&z=789”访问Action方法Foo,并利用查询字符串指定三个参数值。或者通过路径“/bar/123/456/789”方法ActionBar,并利用路由变量指定三个参数。我们都会得到相同的响应。

我们使用Fiddler向路径“/baz”发送一个POST请求来访问Action方法Baz,我们将请求的主体内容设置为基于Result类型的JSON字符串,我们提供的IArgumentBinder对象利用发序列化请求主体的形式绑定其参数。由于Action方法最终会返回一个JsonResult,所以响应的内容与请求内容保持一致。
POST http://localhost:5000/baz HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:5000
Content-Length: 29
{"X":"123", "Y":456, "Z":789}
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/json
Date: Fri, 03 Nov 2023 06:12:15 GMT
Server: Kestrel
Content-Length: 27
{"X":"123","Y":456,"Z":789}

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