5.基于 metaclass 方式实现
class Singleton(object): def foo(self): pass singleton = Singleton()将上面的代码保存在文件 mysingleton.py 中,要使用时,直接在其他文件中导入此文件中的对象,这个对象即是单例模式的对象
from mysingleton import singleton2.使用装饰器
def Singleton(cls): _instance = {} def _singleton(*args, **kargs): if cls not in _instance: _instance[cls] = cls(*args, **kargs) return _instance[cls] return _singleton @Singleton class A(object): a = 1 def __init__(self, x=0): self.x = x a1 = A(2) a2 = A(3)3.使用类
class Singleton(object): def __init__(self): pass @classmethod def instance(cls, *args, **kwargs): if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"): Singleton._instance = Singleton(*args, **kwargs) return Singleton._instance一般情况,大家以为这样就完成了单例模式,但是当使用多线程时会存在问题:
class Singleton(object): def __init__(self): pass @classmethod def instance(cls, *args, **kwargs): if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"): Singleton._instance = Singleton(*args, **kwargs) return Singleton._instance import threading def task(arg): obj = Singleton.instance() print(obj) for i in range(10): t = threading.Thread(target=task,args=[i,]) t.start()程序执行后,打印结果如下:
<__main__.Singleton object at 0x02C933D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02C933D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02C933D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02C933D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02C933D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02C933D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02C933D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02C933D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02C933D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02C933D0>看起来也没有问题,那是因为执行速度过快,如果在 __init__ 方法中有一些 IO 操作,就会发现问题了。
def __init__(self): import time time.sleep(1)重新执行程序后,结果如下:
<__main__.Singleton object at 0x034A3410> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x034BB990> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x034BB910> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x034ADED0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x034E6BD0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x034E6C10> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x034E6B90> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x034BBA30> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x034F6B90> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x034E6A90>问题出现了!按照以上方式创建的单例,无法支持多线程。
import time import threading class Singleton(object): _instance_lock = threading.Lock() def __init__(self): time.sleep(1) @classmethod def instance(cls, *args, **kwargs): with Singleton._instance_lock: if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"): Singleton._instance = Singleton(*args, **kwargs) return Singleton._instance def task(arg): obj = Singleton.instance() print(obj) for i in range(10): t = threading.Thread(target=task,args=[i,]) t.start() time.sleep(20) obj = Singleton.instance() print(obj)打印结果如下:
<__main__.Singleton object at 0x02D6B110> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02D6B110> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02D6B110> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02D6B110> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02D6B110> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02D6B110> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02D6B110> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02D6B110> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02D6B110> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02D6B110>这样就差不多了,但是还是有一点小问题,就是当程序执行时,执行了 time.sleep(20) 后,下面实例化对象时,此时已经是单例模式了。但我们还是加了锁,这样不太好,再进行一些优化,把 intance 方法,改成下面这样就行:
@classmethod def instance(cls, *args, **kwargs): if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"): with Singleton._instance_lock: if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"): Singleton._instance = Singleton(*args, **kwargs) return Singleton._instance这样,一个可以支持多线程的单例模式就完成了。+
import time import threading // 堆代码 duidaima.com class Singleton(object): _instance_lock = threading.Lock() def __init__(self): time.sleep(1) @classmethod def instance(cls, *args, **kwargs): if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"): with Singleton._instance_lock: if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"): Singleton._instance = Singleton(*args, **kwargs) return Singleton._instance def task(arg): obj = Singleton.instance() print(obj) for i in range(10): t = threading.Thread(target=task,args=[i,]) t.start() time.sleep(20) obj = Singleton.instance() print(obj)这种方式实现的单例模式,使用时会有限制,以后实例化必须通过 obj = Singleton.instance()
import threading class Singleton(object): _instance_lock = threading.Lock() def __init__(self): pass def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs): if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"): with Singleton._instance_lock: if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"): Singleton._instance = object.__new__(cls) return Singleton._instance obj1 = Singleton() obj2 = Singleton() print(obj1,obj2) def task(arg): obj = Singleton() print(obj) for i in range(10): t = threading.Thread(target=task,args=[i,]) t.start()打印结果如下:
<__main__.Singleton object at 0x038B33D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x038B33D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x038B33D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x038B33D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x038B33D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x038B33D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x038B33D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x038B33D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x038B33D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x038B33D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x038B33D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x038B33D0>采用这种方式的单例模式,以后实例化对象时,和平时实例化对象的方法一样 obj = Singleton() 。
class Foo: def __init__(self): pass def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs): pass obj = Foo()# 执行type的 __call__ 方法,调用 Foo类(是type的对象)的 __new__方法,用于创建对象,然后调用 Foo类(是type的对象)的 __init__方法,用于对对象初始化。
class SingletonType(type): def __init__(self,*args,**kwargs): super(SingletonType,self).__init__(*args,**kwargs) def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs): # 这里的cls,即Foo类 print('cls',cls) obj = cls.__new__(cls,*args, **kwargs) cls.__init__(obj,*args, **kwargs) # Foo.__init__(obj) return obj class Foo(metaclass=SingletonType): # 指定创建Foo的type为SingletonType def __init__(self,name): self.name = name def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs): return object.__new__(cls) obj = Foo('xx')实现单例模式:
import threading class SingletonType(type): _instance_lock = threading.Lock() def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs): if not hasattr(cls, "_instance"): with SingletonType._instance_lock: if not hasattr(cls, "_instance"): cls._instance = super(SingletonType,cls).__call__(*args, **kwargs) return cls._instance class Foo(metaclass=SingletonType): def __init__(self,name): self.name = name obj1 = Foo('name') obj2 = Foo('name') print(obj1,obj2)
总结:
以上就是基于Python语言实现的单例模式。这介绍的五种实现单例模式的方法各有优劣,仅供大家参考,如果大家有更好的实现方式,欢迎在评论区留言交流。