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5.基于 metaclass 方式实现
class Singleton(object):
def foo(self):
pass
singleton = Singleton()
将上面的代码保存在文件 mysingleton.py 中,要使用时,直接在其他文件中导入此文件中的对象,这个对象即是单例模式的对象from mysingleton import singleton2.使用装饰器
def Singleton(cls):
_instance = {}
def _singleton(*args, **kargs):
if cls not in _instance:
_instance[cls] = cls(*args, **kargs)
return _instance[cls]
return _singleton
@Singleton
class A(object):
a = 1
def __init__(self, x=0):
self.x = x
a1 = A(2)
a2 = A(3)
3.使用类class Singleton(object):
def __init__(self):
pass
@classmethod
def instance(cls, *args, **kwargs):
if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"):
Singleton._instance = Singleton(*args, **kwargs)
return Singleton._instance
一般情况,大家以为这样就完成了单例模式,但是当使用多线程时会存在问题:class Singleton(object):
def __init__(self):
pass
@classmethod
def instance(cls, *args, **kwargs):
if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"):
Singleton._instance = Singleton(*args, **kwargs)
return Singleton._instance
import threading
def task(arg):
obj = Singleton.instance()
print(obj)
for i in range(10):
t = threading.Thread(target=task,args=[i,])
t.start()
程序执行后,打印结果如下:<__main__.Singleton object at 0x02C933D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02C933D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02C933D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02C933D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02C933D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02C933D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02C933D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02C933D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02C933D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02C933D0>看起来也没有问题,那是因为执行速度过快,如果在 __init__ 方法中有一些 IO 操作,就会发现问题了。
def __init__(self):
import time
time.sleep(1)
重新执行程序后,结果如下:<__main__.Singleton object at 0x034A3410> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x034BB990> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x034BB910> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x034ADED0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x034E6BD0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x034E6C10> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x034E6B90> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x034BBA30> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x034F6B90> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x034E6A90>问题出现了!按照以上方式创建的单例,无法支持多线程。
import time
import threading
class Singleton(object):
_instance_lock = threading.Lock()
def __init__(self):
time.sleep(1)
@classmethod
def instance(cls, *args, **kwargs):
with Singleton._instance_lock:
if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"):
Singleton._instance = Singleton(*args, **kwargs)
return Singleton._instance
def task(arg):
obj = Singleton.instance()
print(obj)
for i in range(10):
t = threading.Thread(target=task,args=[i,])
t.start()
time.sleep(20)
obj = Singleton.instance()
print(obj)
打印结果如下:<__main__.Singleton object at 0x02D6B110> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02D6B110> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02D6B110> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02D6B110> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02D6B110> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02D6B110> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02D6B110> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02D6B110> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02D6B110> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x02D6B110>这样就差不多了,但是还是有一点小问题,就是当程序执行时,执行了 time.sleep(20) 后,下面实例化对象时,此时已经是单例模式了。但我们还是加了锁,这样不太好,再进行一些优化,把 intance 方法,改成下面这样就行:
@classmethod
def instance(cls, *args, **kwargs):
if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"):
with Singleton._instance_lock:
if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"):
Singleton._instance = Singleton(*args, **kwargs)
return Singleton._instance
这样,一个可以支持多线程的单例模式就完成了。+import time
import threading
// 堆代码 duidaima.com
class Singleton(object):
_instance_lock = threading.Lock()
def __init__(self):
time.sleep(1)
@classmethod
def instance(cls, *args, **kwargs):
if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"):
with Singleton._instance_lock:
if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"):
Singleton._instance = Singleton(*args, **kwargs)
return Singleton._instance
def task(arg):
obj = Singleton.instance()
print(obj)
for i in range(10):
t = threading.Thread(target=task,args=[i,])
t.start()
time.sleep(20)
obj = Singleton.instance()
print(obj)
这种方式实现的单例模式,使用时会有限制,以后实例化必须通过 obj = Singleton.instance()import threading
class Singleton(object):
_instance_lock = threading.Lock()
def __init__(self):
pass
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"):
with Singleton._instance_lock:
if not hasattr(Singleton, "_instance"):
Singleton._instance = object.__new__(cls)
return Singleton._instance
obj1 = Singleton()
obj2 = Singleton()
print(obj1,obj2)
def task(arg):
obj = Singleton()
print(obj)
for i in range(10):
t = threading.Thread(target=task,args=[i,])
t.start()
打印结果如下:<__main__.Singleton object at 0x038B33D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x038B33D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x038B33D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x038B33D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x038B33D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x038B33D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x038B33D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x038B33D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x038B33D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x038B33D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x038B33D0> <__main__.Singleton object at 0x038B33D0>采用这种方式的单例模式,以后实例化对象时,和平时实例化对象的方法一样 obj = Singleton() 。
class Foo:
def __init__(self):
pass
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
pass
obj = Foo()
# 执行type的 __call__ 方法,调用 Foo类(是type的对象)的 __new__方法,用于创建对象,然后调用 Foo类(是type的对象)的 __init__方法,用于对对象初始化。class SingletonType(type):
def __init__(self,*args,**kwargs):
super(SingletonType,self).__init__(*args,**kwargs)
def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs): # 这里的cls,即Foo类
print('cls',cls)
obj = cls.__new__(cls,*args, **kwargs)
cls.__init__(obj,*args, **kwargs) # Foo.__init__(obj)
return obj
class Foo(metaclass=SingletonType): # 指定创建Foo的type为SingletonType
def __init__(self,name):
self.name = name
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
return object.__new__(cls)
obj = Foo('xx')
实现单例模式:import threading
class SingletonType(type):
_instance_lock = threading.Lock()
def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
if not hasattr(cls, "_instance"):
with SingletonType._instance_lock:
if not hasattr(cls, "_instance"):
cls._instance = super(SingletonType,cls).__call__(*args, **kwargs)
return cls._instance
class Foo(metaclass=SingletonType):
def __init__(self,name):
self.name = name
obj1 = Foo('name')
obj2 = Foo('name')
print(obj1,obj2)
总结:
以上就是基于Python语言实现的单例模式。这介绍的五种实现单例模式的方法各有优劣,仅供大家参考,如果大家有更好的实现方式,欢迎在评论区留言交流。